Richmond Government

Richmond Government Presidents

1868-1873: George Washington Woodward (People's)

1868 (with James L. Orr) ran unopposed

Note: Held during the Liberty and Union War (1868-76), and title disputed with the Constitutional Government


-after American Presidents > ^af5f13, southern militias storm congress, destroys certification, invites congress to come, southerners do and expel northerners from it

-assembly formally declares election to be in doubt, activating contingency provisions, declares pendleton next president

-endorses decertification of election citing electoral violence, provides legitimacy to richmondite assembly

-gets impeached by proper congress of the united states, but stays on, gets declared a rebel but he declares them a rebel back

-results in Liberty and Union War (1868-76)

-in the end, flees to Cuba where he stays in plantation

-in Antillean War (1880-4) he is captured by US forces

-and taken to tribunal which executes him for treason

1873-1875: George H. Pendleton (People's)

1872 (with James L. Orr) ran unopposed


-nominated by southern populists, receives endorsement of woodward, sweeps south and wins parts of midwest

-helped by him being very much a middle westerner


-disputed election, result certified by the mob

-seizes harpers ferry arsenal, gives it to baltimore mob

-a few months into presidency a charge took dc and brought it back under legitimate rule, richmondite congress forced into richmond, though they take documents, seals with them in flight

-tide turns, richmond taken in 1873, in west army tears through defences

-in Lille, Orr resigns position in its wake

-subsequently causes wave of resignations bringing general appointed by house of reps

1875-1877: Jubal Early (War Government) †

1875: elected President by Congress

1876: Richmondite Congress, government flees over the water to Jamaica

1876 (with William L. Crittenden) ran unopposed


-finally in 1876 war brought to conclusion, many richmondite politicians flee to cuba, mexico, spain, portugal, maranhao rather than surrender

-forrest among them, flees to portuguese grao-para where he proves massive slaveholder, continues exiled "congress"

-establishes network of plantations in Cuba, Brazil

-helps to organize paramilitary groups operating in the United States, with consequences

-ultimately dies

1877-1884: William L. Crittenden (Emergency Government) [captured]

1880: United States (Constitutionalist Government) invades Cuba

1880 (with Edmund Kirby Smith) ran unopposed

1883: Richmondite Congress, government flees over the water to Puerto Rico

1884: Most of Richmondite Congress, government captured


-continues organizing paramilitary groups despite us navy in pensacola being very threatening

-but one of them assassinates president wentworth in 1879

-after failed talks, us declares war on spain to push richmondites out

-massive success, much of richmondite congress captured by the us

1884-1893: William H. Norris (Emergency Government) †

1884: Exile government reorganized in Grao-Para

1884 (with George W. Gordon) ran unopposed

1888 (with George W. Gordon) ran unopposed

1892 (with George W. Gordon) ran unopposed


-but those government, congressional elements in Grao-Para reorganize government

-barely exists

1893-1895: George W. Gordon (Emergency Government)

1894: International Army invades Grao-Para

1895: International Army occupies Grao-Para, Congress Over the Water collapses


-scandal over Grao-Para having intense rubber-based slavery

-results in international coalition invading, occupying Grao-Para

-mostly peaceful, but Battle of New Richmond, the "last battle of the Liberty and Union War", occurs between International Army (American-dominated segment) and Richmondite forces





Capitals of the Richmondite Government


1868-1870: Washington, District of Columbia

1870-1875: Richmond, Virginia

1875-1876: Lille, Yazoo

1876-1876: Appalachicola, West Florida

1876-1882: Kingston, Jamaica

1882-1883: San Juan, Spanish Puerto Rico [in exile]

1883-1889: New Richmond, Portuguese Grao-Para [in exile]

1889-1897: Santarem, Grao-Para





Senators who served in the Richmond Congress initially (33 tot)


Georgia*2

South Carolina*2

Virginia*2

North Carolina*2

Mississippi*2

Yazoo*2

Orleans*2

Missouri*2

Arkansaw*2

West Florida*2

Tennessee*2

Illinois*2

Kentucky*2 - james c. jones & john c. breckinridge

East Florida*2

Cimarron*2

Maryland*1 - robert m mclane

Indiana*1 - joseph lane

Ohio*1 - lambdin p milligan




Readmission of Richmondite States



1. Orleans - 1877

2. South Carolina - 1878

3. Mississippi - 1879

4. Yazoo - 1881

5. Cimarron* - 1883

6. Georgia - 1883

7. East Florida* - 1884

8. Virginia - 1885

9. Kentucky - 1886

10. Illinois - 1887

11. Missouri - 1887

12. Tennessee - 1888

13. West Florida - 1888

14. North Carolina - 1889

15. Arkansaw - 1890


Division of the States


States whose governments recognized the Richmond Government, 1869



1. Georgia

2. South Carolina

3. Virginia

4. North Carolina

5. Kentucky

6. Tennessee

7. Mississippi

8. Yazoo

9. Orleans

10. Missouri

11. Arkansaw

12. West Florida

13. East Florida*

14. Cimarron*

15. Indiana (Shadow Government (1871-76))

16. Ohio (Shadow Government (1871-76))


States whose governments recognized the Constitutional Government, 1869



1. Delaware

2. Pennsylvania

3. New Jersey

4. Connecticut

5. Massachusetts

6. Maryland

7. New Hampshire

8. New York

9. Rhode Island

10. Vermont

11. Ohio

12. Indiana

13. Illinois

14. Michigan

15. Wisconsan

16. Superior

17. Juniper